Stop+Motion+Photography

=Stop Motion Photography=

Stop motion photography was one of the first "special effects" techniques ever invented. It is a form of animation that brings inanimate objects to life by having them move or change. This effect is achieved through displaying a series of pictures. Each picture is identical except for the action that is changing in the scene. If the series of pictures are flashed quick enough, the brain will view them as a single image with moving elements - this effect is known as //persistence of vision//. Motion picture cameras record frames one after another so that movement is captured. media type="youtube" key="FLEwnlftw2k?version=3" height="315" width="420" Mining: Who Cares? - --- //Nicole Nguyen// & //Jacky Wu //

History
One of the earliest examples of animation were cave paintings, Egyptian burial murals and Persian bowls. Cave paintings demonstrated an artistic interest in depicting motion; drawings of animals with multiple sets of legs in superimposed positions were an attempt at conveying the perception of motion. Egyptian burial murals had images painted along the sides. The images showed phases of an action. Persian bowls has images drawn on the sides that consisted of multiple images implying motion. ---Cave Painting--Persian BowlEgyptian Burial Mural---
 * 1824: || Peter Roget presented his paper 'The persistence of vision with regard to moving objects' to the British Royal Society. ||
 * 1831: || Dr. Joseph Antoine Plateau (a Belgian scientist) and Dr. Simon Rittrer constructed a machine called a phenakitstoscope. This machine produced an illusion of movement by allowing a viewer to gaze at a rotating disk containing small windows; behind the windows was another disk containing a sequence of images. When the disks were rotated at the correct speed, the synchronization of the windows with the images created an animated effect. ||
 * 1872: || Eadweard Muybridge started his photographic gathering of animals in motion. ||
 * 1887: || Thomas Edison started his research work into motion pictures. ||
 * 1889: || Thomas Edison announced his creation of the kinetoscope which projected a 50ft length of film in approximately 13 seconds. ||
 * 1889: || George Eastman began the manufacture of photographic film strips using a nitro-cellulose base. ||
 * 1892: || Emile Renynaud, combining his earlier invention of the praxinoscope with a projector, opens the Theatre Optique in the Musee Grevin. It displays an animation of images painted on long strips of celluloid. ||
 * 1895: || Louis and Augustine Lumiere issued a patent for a device called a cinematograph capable of projecting moving pictures. ||
 * 1896: || Thomas Armat designed the vitascope which projected the films of Thomas Edison. This machine had a major influence on all sub-sequent projectors. ||
 * 1906: || J. Stuart Blackton made the first animated film which he called "Humorous phases of funny faces." His method was to draw comical faces on a blackboard and film them. He would stop the film, erase one face to draw another, and then film the newly drawn face. The Ôstop-motionÕ provided a starting effect as the facial expressions changed be fore the viewerÕs eyes. ||
 * 1908: || In France Emile Cohl produced a film, //Phantasmagorie// which was the first depicting white figures on a black background. ||
 * 1910: || Emile Cohl makes //En Route// the first paper cutout animation. This technique saves time by not having to redraw each new cell, only reposition the paper. ||
 * 1911: || Winsor McCay produced an animation sequence using his comic strip character "Little Nemo." ||
 * 1913: || J.R. Bray devised "Colonel Heeza Liar," and Sidney Smith created "Old Doc Yak." ||
 * 1914: || John R Bray applies for a patent on numerous techniques for animation. One of the most revolutionary being the process of printing the backgrounds of the animation. ||
 * 1914: || Winsor McCay produced a cartoon called "Gertie, The Trained Dinosaur" which amazingly consisted of 10,000 drawings. ||
 * 1914: || Earl Hurd applies for a patent for the technique of drawing the animated portion of an animation on a clear celluloid sheet and later photographing it with its matching background. [Cel animation] ||
 * 1917: || The International Feature Syndicate released many titles including "Silk Hat Harry","Bringing Up Father", and "Krazy Kat". ||
 * 1919: || Pat Sullivan created an American cartoon "Felix the Cat." ||
 * 1926: || The first feature-length animated film called "El Apostol" is created in Argentina. ||
 * 1923: || Walt and Roy Disney found Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio. ||
 * 1923: || Walt Disney extended Max Fleischer's technique of combining live action with cartoon characters in the film "Alice's Wonderland". ||
 * 1927: || Warner Brothers released "The Jazz Singer" which introduced combined sound and images. ||
 * 1928: || Walt Disney created the first cartoon with synchronized sound called "Steam Boat Willy". ||
 * 1930: || The King of Jazz is produced by Universal. In it is a short animated sequence done by Walter Lantz. It is the first animation done with the two strip technicolor process ||
 * 1934: || Urb Irwek creates a multi-plane camera. This camera is capable of filming several separate layers of cels giving the final frame a truly three dimensional look. ||
 * 1943: || John and James Whitney produced "Five Abstract Film Exercises." ||
 * 1945: || Harry Smith produced animation by drawing directly onto film. ||
 * 1957: || John Whitney used 17 Bodine motors, 8 Selsyns, 9 different gear units and 5 ball integrators to create analog computer graphics. ||
 * 1961: || John Whitney used differential gear mechanisms to create film and television title sequences. ||
 * 1963: || Ivan Sutherland and SKETCHPAD at MIT/Lincoln Labs ||
 * 1964: || Ken Knowlton, working at Bell Laboratories, started developing computer techniques for producing animated movies. ||
 * 1972: || University of Utah, Ed Catmull develops an animation scripting language and creates an animation of a smooth shaded hand. Ref: E. Catmull, //"A System for Computer Generated Movies"//, Proceedings of the ACM National Conference, 1972. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * 1972: || University of Utah, Fred Parke creates first computer generated facial animation. >Ref: F. Parke, //"Computer Generated Animation of Faces"//, Proceedings of the ACM National Conference, 1972. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * 1974: || National Research Council of Canada releases //Hunger/La Faim// directed by Peter Foldes and featuring Burtnyk and Wein interactive keyframing techniques. Ref: N. Burtnyk and M. Wein,//"Interactive Skeleton Techniques for Enhancing Motion Dynamics in Key Frame Animation"//, Communications of the ACM, 19(10), October 1976. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * 1982: || Tron, MAGI, movie with CG premise ||
 * 1983: || Bill Reeves at Lucasfilm publishes techniques for modeling particle systems. "Demo" is //Star Trek II: The Wrath of Kahn//. The paper also promotes motion blur. Ref: W. Reeves, //"Particle Systems -- A Technique for Modeling a Class of Fuzzy Objects"//, Computer Graphics, 17(3), July 1983. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * 1984: || The Last Starfighter, CG is used in place of models ||
 * 1984: || Porter and Duff at Lucusfilm publish paper on digital compositing using an alpha channel. Ref: T. Porter and T. Duff, //"Compositing Digital Images"//, Computer Graphics, 18(3), July 1984. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * 1985: || Girard and Maciejewski at OSU publish a paper describing the use of inverse kinematics and dynamics for animation. Their techniques are used in the animation "Eurythmy." Ref: M. Girard and A. A. Maciejewski, //"Computational Modeling for the Computer Animation of Legged Figures"//, Computer Graphics, 19(3), July 1985. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * 1985: || Ken Perlin at NYU publishes a paper on noise functions for textures. He later applied this technique to add realism to character animations. Ref: K. Perlin, //"An Image Synthesizer"//, Computer Graphics, 19(3), July 1985. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * 1987: || John Lasseter at Pixar publishes a paper describing traditional animation principles. "Demos" are //Andre and Wally B// and //Luxo Jr//. Ref: J. Lasseter, //"Principles of Traditional Animation Applied to 3D Computer Animation"//, Computer Graphics, 21(4), July 1987. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * 1987: || Craig Reynolds then at Symbolics (now at Dreamworks SKG) publishes a paper on self-organizing behavior for groups. "Demos" are //Stanley and Stella// and //Batman Returns//. Ref: C. W. Reynolds, //"Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model"//, Computer Graphics, 21(4), July 1987. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * 1988: || Willow uses morphing in live action film ||
 * 1992: || Beier and Neely, at SGI and PDI respectively publish an algorithm where line correspondences guide morphing between 2D images. "Demo" is Michael Jackson video //Black and White//. Ref: T. Beier and S. Neely, //"Feature-Based Image Metamorphosis"//, Computer Graphics, 26(2), July 1992. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) v ||
 * 1993: || Chen and Williams at Apple publish a paper on view interpolation for 3D walkthroughs. Ref: S. E. Chen and L. Williams, //"View Interpolation for Image Synthesis"//, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, 1993. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * 1993: || Jurassic Park use of CG for realistic living creatures ||
 * 1995: || Toy Story first full-length 3D CG feature film ||

__Emile Cole__
Emile Cohl was a French cartoonist. He created animated puppets in //Fantoche//, matches in //Les Allumettes//, and paper cutouts in //Les 12 Travaux D'Hercule//. His most notable piece of work was a film, //Fantasmagorie//, which, flim historians say, was the first animated cartoon. The film depicts white figures on a black background. He later went on to create the first paper cutout animation, //En Route//; this technique saves time by having to not redraw each new cell, only repositioning the paper. media type="youtube" key="aEAObel8yIE?version=3" height="200" width="300" media type="youtube" key="YjHaj4rLqgA?version=3" height="200" width="300" ---Fantasmagorie (1908)---En Route (1910)-

Notable Animated Films


=Camera Angles= The term //camera angle// means slightly different things to different people but it always refers to the way a shot is composed. Some people use it to include all camera shot types, others use it to specifically mean the angle between the camera and the subject. Eye Level This is the most common view, being the real-world angle that we are all used to. It shows subjects as we would expect to see them in real life. It is a fairly neutral shot.

High Angle
A high angle shows the subject from above, i.e. the camera is angled down towards the subject. This has the effect of diminishing the subject, making them appear less powerful, less significant or even submissive. Low Angle This shows the subject from below, giving them the impression of being more powerful or dominant. Bird's Eye The scene is shown from directly above. This is a completely different and somewhat unnatural point of view which can be used for dramatic effect or for showing a different spatial perspective.In drama, it can be used to show the positions and motions of different characters and objects, enabling the viewer to see things the characters can't.The bird's-eye view is also very useful in sports, documentaries, etc.

Slanted
Also known as a //dutch tilt//, this is where the camera is purposely tilted to one side so the horizon is on an angle. This creates an interesting and dramatic effect. Camera Shots Lighting

Three Point Lighting Technique


=Website Design & Dreamweaver=

Google
[] - simple layout, which makes it easily understandable - easy to navigate - different tabs for different purposes depending on what the user is searching for - the logo draws attention from the user with its vibrant colours - the logo is positioned in the middle and is the main focus point - contrast between the colours of the Google logo and background draws the user's eye to the logo - size of the logo compared to other elements of the webpage catches the user's attention

Facebook
[] - consistent colour scheme - slogan indicates the purpose of the website - easy to sign up/create an account - simple and organized layout - multiple language settings - simple and secure privacy settings - able communicate with friends efficiently

Twitter
[|http://www.twitter.com/] - easy to follow steps when creating an account - users are constantly updated about the users they "follow" at real time - users can "tag" friends - users can communicate with friends - allows users to stay in touch with their family, friends, colleagues at work and business partners in any part of the world